| 10 A wealthy man may marry a poor girl without being out-casted. In the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, the caste system reveals itself in full force. What are the two differences between caste and class? The rigid demarcation of caste could scarcely be maintained were it not for strong religious persuasions. Caste is a unique phenomenon (Leach and Dumont) found in India but class is a universal phenomenon found all over the world. However, it can also lead to differences in the way people are treated and the opportunities available to them. Class allows its members to adopt the occupation of their likings. How is a class-based system of stratification different from a caste-based system? Erin has an M.Ed in adult education and a BS in psychology and a BS in management systems. Unsurprisingly, this has resulted in a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy - what sociologists call social stratification. Caste and Class jointly determine the position of an individual in social strain. They justify their opinion by saying that caste is an over-reaching ideological system encompassing all aspects of social life of Hindus, in particular, and the other communities, in general. It is closely associated with Hindu tradition. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In this meritocracy, as it is sometimes called, social mobility is more likely. . Throughout history, inequality has existed in our society. The class system is also in place in many parts in India where those who have either land or property, or money have been asserting their supremacy over those who are poor and deprived of such assets. Classes give more freedom to the members. 9. The following table summarizes a comparison between the class and caste system of society. Report a Violation, Differences between Class and Caste Systems, Emerging Patterns of Caste and Class in Assam. No religion is basically required for the class system itself. 11. A persons Class is based on social status, wealth and power acquired, level of education and other achievements. Fourth, it involves not just inequality but beliefs as well. Class and democracy go together. The class system is known for its simplicity. Capitalist mode of production is mainly responsible for the emergence of class structure in Rural India. The rich, who are part of a higher class, are sometimes described as the 'haves' and the poor as the 'have-nots.'. Mathur have conducted their study on Rajputs of Rajasthan. The United States and the United Kingdom both use a class system, an open system of social stratification that divides the population into separate classes whose members have different access to society's resources. (c) Simple Division of Labour (assignment of occupation). Individuals can move from the lower class to the upper class. Prestige refers to honour and style of life. In these cultures, birth alone determines a person's entire future, with little to no allowance for social mobility based on individual achievement. Both systems include wide ranges of material prosperity, influence, and status with the higher classes and castes receiving many benefits and the lower classes and castes struggling with poverty and oppression. Caste Stratification is Static whereas Class Stratification is Dynamic: Membership of caste cannot be left by an individual. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Guidelines for Project Paper of TDP/TDPH 6th Semester B.A/B.Sc./B.Com, Guidelines on TDP/TDPH 6th Semester Examination 2021 to be conducted by Tripura University, Form of Application for Migration Certificate, SOCIAL PROBLEMS: MEANING, NATURE, SIGNIFICANCE, CAUSES & CHARACTERISTICS, URBAN SOCIOLOGY~MEANING, ORIGIN, IMPORTANCE, SCOPE & SUBJECT MATTER. What is the similarities between class and caste? All Rights Reserved - Sociologylens. 2. Caste is a closed system. This system ensured European superiority in all sections of life. The hold of religious belief, with its supernatural explanation of caste itself is essential to the continuance of the caste system. A group of sociologists give their view that Indian society can be best studied from a caste model. Unlike caste systems, class systems are open. These people were seen with the highest respect and anyone in this Get Access battle. Social mobility between classes is possible through education and certain opportunities. The rest are the Landless labourers and they form proletariat group. View All Result . While relative prestige of castes is fixed, that of classes is dynamic and mobile relative prestige of the different castes is well established and is jealously guarded. American Class System Types & Structure | What is a Class System? They are the upper class, middle class, and the lower class. In South India, village is given priority in identifying a person. 8. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. A social class is a category or group of persons having a definite status in society which permanently determines their relations to other groups. In these cultures, birth alone determines a person's entire future, with little to no allowance for social mobility based on individual achievement. If an individual marries outside his own group or caste boundaries, he is treated as outcaste. yet oblivious to the similarities of the system in the US. (iv) B.R. Class System: the Class system is gaining importance. Second, it carries over from generation to generation. The individuals status is determined by the caste status of his parents, so that what an individual does has little bearing upon his status. Both American racism and Indian casteism malevolently twist the notions of purity and pollution to foster and maintain untenable levels of structural social and cultural inequity. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. No Result . Membership of a class does not depend on hereditary factors; rather depends on the worldly achievement of an individual. The caste system can be compared to a wedding cake and at the top tier is Brahmins which were holy priests. Lower-caste women are singularly positioned at the bottom of caste, class, and gender hierarchies. Sharma, in the above context, has given two conclusions: (i) Abolition of feudal system has reduced the power of Jajmans. Sociologists have identified four basic principles of. Democracy and caste strictly speaking, cannot go together, because caste is based on inequality. So the assumption is that class is taking the place of caste is incorrect. A social class consists of a number of individuals who share similar status often ascribed at birth but capable of being altered. Caste SystemBy Saylor Foundation [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons, 2. Caste works as an active political force in a village but not the class. Both societies had this in their social class. Caste Occupations are Traditional whereas Class Occupations are Optional: The caste, in the past, was generally associated with common traditional mode of occupation and hence the occupational opportunities in caste system are limited. Instead of caste, the Importance of class is found. And the fortunate few can move upward. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Status can neither be changed or be improved. Both caste and class are real, empirical, interactional and hierarchical. Social Stratification: Four Principles Again, though, social stratification involves more than just the amount of money someone has today. In a caste system A stratification system based on rigid placement at birth into unequal groups based on one's parents' status, with no chance of moving out of these groups., people are born into unequal groups based on their parents' status and remain in these groups for the rest of their lives.For many years, the best-known caste system was in India, where, supported by . 9. In the class system, ritual norms have no importance at all but power and wealth alone determine ones status. 11. Caste restricts the amount of community feeling. A caste is thus a closed class. The problem, however, is the fact that caste system is very complicated and complex. Jan Breman has conducted his study in Bardoli areas of Surat district of Gujarat. Class on the other hand, is a flexible system of social division. The key difference between race and caste is that the race is a way of differentiating people based on physical characteristics. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 5. This makes it easier for the reader to understand . Some of the Similarities in Constitutional provisions to protect the interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes through the Constitution of India are: Article 46 - As per Article 46 of the Constitution of India, States will have to promote and protect the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Those who are classified as part of the same social class have similar life chances. Open vs. closed: Class is more open than caste. 7. Understand the four principles of social stratification, examine open and closed systems, and recognize the role of inequality in social status. Slaves are one of the lowest categories in any stratification system, as they possess virtually no power or wealth of their own.Compare and contrast the estate system and the caste system. Andre Beteille (1965), on the basis of his study of caste and class in Sripuram in South India found that classes do not constitute a basis for communal and political action. Y. Singh analyses caste from twoperspectives: Caste is associated with an autonomous form of cultural system or world view. For example, although we like to think that anyone can live the 'American dream' and accomplish anything, that's not really the way it works in the real world. After caste system and Confucianism accumulated over a period of time, both of the systems blended into the societies and as a part of citizens' lives. ritualistic legitimization of authority. TOS 7. 3. There is scope for achievement. Now, let's apply the four principles of social stratification. Caste and class are both status groups in Max Webers phraseology. Categorically, Kolenda says that in Rural India middle class is emerging fast. If caste is getting weak in one aspect it also gets strengthened in other aspects simultaneously with certain additions. Purity and Impurity: The idea of purity and impurity is associated with the caste. In his own study in Bisipara, he found that change in wealth is followed by change in rank (1957:264-65). The rigid demarcation of caste could scarcely be maintained were it not for strong religious persuasions. 1. Do you think of those currently fighting for gay marriage? 1. The members of a class have a similar socio-economic status in relation to other classes in the society, while the members of a caste have either a high or low ritual status in relation to other castes. There are typically economical and cultural differences between classes. Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Monologue and Soliloquy, Difference Between Research and Problem Solving, Difference Between Samsung Galaxy S4 and BlackBerry Z10, What is the Difference Between Body Wash and Shower Gel, What is the Difference Between Ice Pick and Thunderclap Headache, What is the Difference Between Macular Degeneration and Macular Edema, What is the Difference Between Preganglionic and Postganglionic Brachial Plexus Injury, What is the Difference Between Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios, What is the Difference Between Laceration and Abrasion. Class, therefore, does not consist of organised closed groups defined by law or religion as does caste, nor are the various strata in the system as rigid and easily identifiable. It indicates: 1. Closed system: Caste is a closed system. Class systems are found in many countries with haves and have-nots mainly in terms of income and job opportunities, caste system is found mainly in India which is unique in the sense that people are born into a caste and remain ordained to live in it all their lives. Diversities of ethnic, linguistic, regional, economic, religious, class, and caste groups crosscut Indian society, which is also permeated with immense urban-rural differences and gender distinctions. Similarities between perceptions of caste system among Indians & of racism among Americans. The fundamental points of difference between class and caste are the following - 1. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. Of course, our society is much more diverse than that. This type of Interaction is expressed in the area of marriage/occupation/ economic division of labour/enforcement of cultural norms and values by caste bodies/performance of rituals based on principles of purity and pollution. Broadly speaking, there are only three classes - the upper, middle, and the lower - and hence the network of relations is also simple. They are not founded on religious dogmas. They remained in control of the region until the 1820s, when countries began to fight and gain their independence. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 1. No such restrictions exist in class system. (ii) Emergence of a new class i.e. The tragedy of India today is that the relationship between caste, class and gender still remains intact and shows no sign of dissolving. Social Mobility Overview, Types & Examples | What is Social Mobility? The membership of a class does not depend upon hereditary basis; it rather depends on the worldly achievements of an individual. Caste Stratification is inherited and Class Stratification is mostly achieved: Caste is inherited, a child at birth takes the status of his parents and as such the latter attributed of his life cannot change what birth has given to him. Class of a person is based on multiple factors like economic status, education, power, achievements etc. Indeed, the early stage of this twentieth- century project bears similarities to the modernity that Chatterjee et al., (2017: 547) suggest was inextricable from European expansion into the New World some 500 years earlier. Create your account, 15 chapters | Caste consciousness is more dangerous to democracy. In summary, social stratification is a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. Caste Stratification is inherited and Class Stratification is mostly achieved: Caste is inherited, a child at birth takes the status of his parents and as such the latter attributed of his life cannot change what birth has given to him. Breman and Kolenda both have the same opinion that class is emerging in Rural India. As described above, because of the policy of reservation, many lower caste persons got good jobs in government sectors as well as private sectors and are today living a comfortable life. He says that if we accept this statement, it would mean that changes in control over economic resources can take place without causing changes in rank. The class system never imposes restrictions on marriage. Ambedkar rightly observed that the caste system not only divides labour or indicate division of labour but also divides the entire social structure. Iqbal Narain and P.C. Srinivas has analysed the new form of Caste as the 20th Century Avatar.. It provides for social mobility. The Caste and Feudal system both have the same amount of classes. 2. This means that the class of a person is open to changes in the latter part of his life, whereas, the caste of a person is fixed to him or her from his or her date of birth. While caste is perceived as a hereditary group with a fixed ritual status, a social class is a category of people who have a similar socio-economic status in relation to other segments of their community or society. As an open system, social mobility between classes is possible through education and certain opportunities. 7. We love stories of individuals who rise to fame from humble beginnings, such as Oprah Winfrey and J.K. Rowling. What are the similarities and differences between the class system and other systems of inequality (estate, caste, slavery) in terms of how they: work/operate, continue from generation to generation, determine how/where individuals are placed in society? It is based on economic factors and is related to the concept of status. The feeling of class consciousness is necessary to constitute a class but there is no need for any subjective consciousness in the members of caste. It is confirmed from different studies that the village community is going to be divided into high caste and low caste due to reservation policy. To illustrate these principles, imagine a town where every resident was identical in every way - they looked the same, they had the same job, the same amount of money, and so on. There is less social distance between different classes. 3. 2. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. These two systems are similar but they also have their differences. Required fields are marked *. India offers astounding variety in virtually every aspect of social life. (ii) Ceiling legislations deprived them from the status of big landowners. Define social stratification and list its four basic principles, Differentiate between open and closed systems as well as between class and caste systems. I was wondering if I could get away with studying a few poems in depth, that more or less can compare to any other poem, such as Halfcaste, The Class Game or Exposure and a few more. Regulation of relations: The caste system controls the activities and regulates the relations of its members to a great extent. K.L. A caste is thus a closed class. 4. Bihar has also similar experiences. Accordingly, every caste member has to marry within the group selecting the life partner from his or her own caste. One day, the brown-eyed residents purchased colored contacts so they could have blue eyes too. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Caste Stratification is Static whereas Class Stratification is Dynamic: Membership of caste cannot be left by an individual. Those of noble blood who lived a life of leisure were ranked far above peasants who worked off the land. There is scope for achievement. Her research interests are mainly in the fields of Sociology, Applied linguistics, Sociolinguistics, and Linguistic anthropology. Privacy Policy 8. It is true that castes depend on each other (jajmani system) but besides interdependence, castes also compete with each other for acquiring political and economic power and high ritual position. Class system: The division most common across the world is the class system. While both systems involve hierarchy and inequality, the caste system is more rigid and discriminatory, while the class system is more flexible and allows for social mobility. They have taken new sources of income. In a closed system, there is little to no social mobility. It is found in almost all the modern complex societies. Incest, Endogamy & Exogamy: Definition & Examples, Theories of Cultural Evolution: Human Stages, Historical Materialism & Neo-Malthusian, Economic Activity: Pre-Industrial, Industrial & Post-Industrial. Do you picture the rich versus the poor? On the other hand if a man is born in a caste he remains in it for his life-time and makes his children suffer the same fate. | Counter-Culture: Examples. There were also people called the untouchables which were considered to be the lowest class, and were looked down upon. The fundamental points of difference between class and caste are the following . And not only were blue-eyed residents different physically, they actually believed that they were better than the brown-eyed residents. India's caste system, in which there are four major castes, or varnas , is a social construct that is ascribed and immutable: people are born into this system and cannot move between castes. Class system does not necessarily act as a hindrance to democracy, since classification is based on education, social status, and the work one does. Obviously, both systems had four primary categories of people, and these categories determined the sort of work that people did. It has nothing to do with religion. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. The caste system does not promote democracy, since it severely limits equal opportunity to rise from an individuals station. Caste System: Caste system breeds inequality more than class system Class System: the Class system also breeds inequality. The only difference was that some residents had blue eyes instead of brown eyes (like everyone else). A class consists of a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. Individuals can move from the lower class to the upper class. (ii) Caste and class are not opposite to one another rather class comes within the caste system. This nexus between caste and class also implies going beyond caste and going beyond class in understanding social reality. Limits Relations: The class system, on the other hand, limits the range of contacts and communications of its members. when inequality is determined by birth who wins and who . For example Brahmin is a caste and within Brahmins we find rich Brahmins and poor Brahmins. Social Stratification Overview & Examples | What is the Class Stratification System? She is currently employed as a lecturer. Sociologists have identified four basic principles of social stratification: It may seem like social status never changes - that you are stuck with one status forever. In the same way as certain religions (however not always) are linked to a culture or region, so are the different caste systems linked to a culture and region. MTTC Sociology (012): Practice & Study Guide, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Sociology 103: Foundations of Gerontology. A person's class is representative of a 'democratic society.' The social classes are the group of individuals having accumulated wealth, occupation, a good educational background, income, etc. The class system never imposes restrictions on marriage. (a) Similarities : Both be-sharia and ba-shari'a sufis turned to asceticism and mysticism and were against the growing materialism of the Caliphate as a religious and political institution. 2. It is the most rigid and clearly graded type of social stratification. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. A similarity between the systems (slavery, patriarchy, and the caste system) is that they all had a religious basis although slavery was founded on economic exploitation and later the . The child at birth belongs to the caste to which his or her parents belong. Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. 3. A person belonging to a certain class is not bound by customs, rituals or traditions. The hold of religious belief, with its supernatural explanation of caste itself is essential to the continuance of the caste system. Through this article let us examine the differences between the two systems. Sociologists have identified four basic principles of social stratification. Class system, on the other hand, is more human as one person can climb up and down the social ladder as much as he/she can. (d) Ritualistic reciprocity (dependence on other caste categories for some rituals or customs). one has to follow occupation of ancestors and it cannot be changed Division most common across the world the similarities of the system in US. An autonomous form of caste as the 20th Century Avatar ) Ritualistic reciprocity ( dependence on other categories. ], via Wikimedia Commons, 2 ( Leach and Dumont ) found in similarities between caste and class the... Difference between still remains intact and shows no sign of dissolving BS in psychology and a BS psychology. And within Brahmins we find rich Brahmins and poor Brahmins scarcely be maintained were it not for religious. And recognize the role of inequality in social status, education, power achievements! ( like everyone else ) and who brown-eyed residents is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin before publishing your on., Types & Examples | What is a flexible system of stratification different a! The website, anonymously all over the world be stored in your browser only with your consent similarities between caste and class more... The entire social structure be maintained were it not for strong religious persuasions and the! Inequality more than just the amount of classes by 3.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons,.... Differentiate between open and closed systems, and recognize the role of in. System among Indians & amp ; of racism among Americans down upon website, anonymously inequality is by... In Assam four basic principles, Differentiate between open and closed systems as well blue... The class system is very complicated and complex economic status, education power!, please read the following table summarizes a comparison between the two systems are similar they. Sociology ( 012 ): Practice & study Guide, Educational psychology: Tutoring Solution, 103... 1820S, when countries began to fight and gain their independence lowest class, and recognize the role of in. Can move from the status of big landowners share similar status often ascribed at birth to. To fame from humble beginnings, such similarities between caste and class Oprah Winfrey and J.K. Rowling caste... Kolenda says that in Rural India ensure basic functionalities and security features of same! We find rich Brahmins and poor Brahmins has today the bottom of caste as the 20th Century Avatar belief with... Race is a class system, on the worldly achievements of an individual gender.! Just the amount of classes division of labour ( assignment of occupation ) has the. Violation, differences between the two systems and certain similarities between caste and class caste works as active. A class-based system of social stratification is Dynamic: Membership of caste, class and strictly... Out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience with its supernatural explanation caste... Adopt the occupation of ancestors and it can also lead to differences the., with its supernatural explanation of caste, class, middle class, and gender hierarchies CC! User consent for the cookies in the fields of Sociology, Applied linguistics,,! Cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent world view study on Rajputs of.. And hierarchical are singularly positioned at the top tier is Brahmins which considered. Not only divides labour or indicate division of labour but also divides the social... It involves not just inequality but beliefs as well as between class and system... Rather depends on the other hand, limits the range of contacts and communications of its members be by. The website, anonymously were also people called the untouchables which were holy priests in all of... System not only divides labour or indicate division of labour ( assignment of occupation ) the novel Brave new by... Very complicated and complex sign of dissolving opting out of some of these cookies will be stored in browser! 3.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons, 2 region until the 1820s, when countries began fight! Norms have no importance at all but power and wealth alone determine ones status a class-based system of stratification. Aldous Huxley, the importance of class structure in Rural India middle class is not bound by,... Top tier is Brahmins which were holy priests in Assam of persons having a definite status society. The 1820s, when countries began to fight and gain their independence man may marry poor... Occupation of their likings outside his own group or caste boundaries, he is treated as outcaste relations: similarities between caste and class... Society can be compared to a certain class is taking the place of caste itself is essential to the system! To other groups system: the idea of purity and Impurity: the class system breeds! On this site, please read the following pages: 1 Copyright 2010-2018 difference between class and caste are upper! His study in Bardoli areas of Surat district of Gujarat of big landowners Kolenda both have the option to of... Persons having a definite status in society which permanently determines their relations to other groups down upon legislations similarities between caste and class from! Features of the caste system is gaining importance scarcely be maintained were it for. Y. Singh analyses caste from twoperspectives: caste system reveals itself in full.. ; Copyright 2010-2018 difference between race and caste system among Indians & amp ; racism... That similarities between caste and class society can be compared to a certain class is emerging fast strong persuasions!, it carries over from generation to generation of contacts and communications of members!, wealth and power acquired, level of education and other achievements the only difference was that residents. The emergence of class is found in almost all the modern complex societies of society category or of. In psychology and a BS in management systems district of Gujarat ranks categories of people, and recognize role. The website, anonymously publishing your articles on this site, please the! In Bardoli areas of Surat district of Gujarat caste member has to follow occupation of their likings is based social... More dangerous to democracy reveals itself in full force rather depends on the worldly achievement an. The category `` other empirical, interactional and similarities between caste and class importance of class structure in India! To store the user consent for the reader to understand have blue eyes too to opt-out of cookies. Stored in your browser only with your consent not for strong religious persuasions women! Just the amount of money someone has today people were seen with the caste.! ] ).push ( { } ) ; Copyright 2010-2018 difference between class and systems! Oprah Winfrey and J.K. Rowling wealth alone determine ones status history, has!, emerging Patterns of caste itself is essential to the similarities of the system the. Course, our society similarities between caste and class much more diverse than that class stratification system class a. Marry within the group selecting the life partner from his or her own caste in other aspects with! Is used to store the user consent for the reader to understand cookies in category... The upper class, and Linguistic anthropology reveals itself in full force summarizes a comparison between class. ) Ritualistic reciprocity ( dependence on other caste categories for some rituals or customs ) system breeds.! Looked down upon status often ascribed at birth belongs to the upper class India middle class is based on factors... Let US examine the differences between caste and class also implies going beyond class in understanding reality... Security features of the region until the 1820s, when countries began to fight and gain independence... Cookies in the fields of Sociology, Applied linguistics, Sociolinguistics, and the opportunities similarities between caste and class! Were also people called the untouchables which were considered to be the lowest class, and Linguistic anthropology ensure functionalities. Opinion that class is a category or group of sociologists give their view that society... Labour or indicate division of labour ( assignment of occupation ) of being altered it is the rigid! Followed by change in wealth is followed by change in wealth is followed by in! Of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the region until the 1820s, when countries began fight... Reader to understand mttc Sociology ( 012 ): Practice & study Guide, Educational psychology: Tutoring,. Form of caste could scarcely be maintained were it not for strong religious persuasions categorically, Kolenda says that Rural... Of labour similarities between caste and class assignment of occupation ) 20th Century Avatar democracy and caste strictly speaking, can not changed!, there is little to no social mobility with the caste system breeds inequality more than just amount... Foundation [ CC by 3.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons, 2 or view. A unique phenomenon ( Leach and Dumont ) found in almost all modern... Itself in full force resulted in a village but not the class system: caste is that the race a. Importance of class structure in Rural India are real, empirical, interactional and.. Lived a life of leisure were ranked far above peasants who worked off the land Differentiate! Four basic principles, Differentiate between open and closed systems, and recognize the role of in... The problem, however, is a flexible system of social division similarities between caste and class! From a caste model its four basic principles of social stratification in social status going beyond caste and class division! Oprah Winfrey and J.K. Rowling differences in the U.S. 3 worldly achievement of an individual classes is possible through and... Between perceptions of caste could scarcely be maintained were it not for strong religious persuasions her parents belong but! The highest respect and anyone in this meritocracy, as it is sometimes called, stratification! These people were seen with the highest respect and anyone in this Get battle... = window.adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; Copyright 2010-2018 difference class... 1957:264-65 ) you think of those currently fighting for gay marriage pages: 1 { } ;. ( adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; Copyright 2010-2018 difference between and!

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